A. Difficulties in welding copper Since copper has a very low absorption rate of near-infrared laser at room temperature, most of the incident laser will be reflected during the welding process, resulting in severe energy loss of copper during the laser welding process and low laser energy utilizati

There are a wide range of general-purpose laser systems used in applications as diverse as materials processing, laser surgery, and remote sensing, but many have key parameters in common. Establishing common terminology for these parameters can prevent communication errors, and understanding them allows the laser system and components to be properly specified to meet application needs.

As long as the gas type, gas flow rate, and injection method are selected correctly, the ideal effect can be achieved. However, incorrect use of shielding gas can also have adverse effects on welding.

This article analyzes the problems faced in the purchase and use of anilox rollers, and proposes how to order anilox rollers with the correct line number and ink volume. It also proposes that standardizing the management of anilox rollers can bring considerable cost savings to printing companies. Ma